trail camera review
Larvicidal activity of the weed plant Parthenium hysterophous L (Compositae) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus
INTRODUCTION
   Mosquitoes are responsible for more diseases than any other group of arthropods. It is observed at the altitudes of 5500 meter and located at depths of 1250 min meters below sea level. Two major types of vector mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus were selected for the present study. A. aegypti is the principal vector of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever and is reported in more than 100 million people each year infecting more than 110 countries in the tropics (Halstead, 2000). C. quinquefasciatus is the vector of West Nile Virus that causes encephalitis and meningities known to affect the brains tissues, ultimately resulting in permanent neurological damage. The most appropriate remedy for the problem to control their population and increasing use of chemicals to control mosquitoes were found to accumulate increasing in the food chain, the remaining effects, high costs, environmental pollution and can cause serious toxic hazards to humans, animals and other non-target creatures and the development of resistance conventional insecticides in many insect species important to review the operation of the vector control potential of natural origin. Pesticide exposure of human to human linked to immune dysfunction, various forms of cancer and birth defects (Bounias, 2003). All these factors have led to search for safer and more compatible alternatives to combat these problems, including natural products, particularly plant derived plant are called now emerging as a viable component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (Jeyabalan et al, 2003). Take Apart, several other plant species have also shown promising pest control properties. These categories of pesticides are known as Biopesticides (Mulla, 1994).
A P. hysterophous known as congress weed, carrot weed, star weed, fever weed, white top, chatak Chandani, bitter weed, ramphool, garghsas. Parthenium is also reported as a promising cure for liver diseases Amoebiasis (Sharma and Bhutani, 1988). In the present study is an attempt to record the larvicidal activity of leaf extracts of P.hysterophous L (Compositae) against A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS
          The eggs A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus were obtained from the research laboratory of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NiCd), at Mettupalayam, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu (India) and was maintained with unchlorinated tap water sterilized containers (18cm diameter x 19 cm height) in laboratory conditions (29A ± 20 C). The eggs and larvae obtained from stock were used for experiments. Freshly hatched larvae were collected and kept in separate containers with unchlorinated tap water with yeast and dog biscuit (2:1 ratio) was given as the source of food. Water was changed other day. The leaves of P. hysterophous were collected from around campus and brought the laboratory. The leaves were thoroughly washed with tap water and were dried under shade at room temperature (29  ± 20 C) for approximately 20 days. The completely dried leaves were powdered and sieved to fine powder. The 100 grams of powdered leaves were extracted separately with 300 ml, hexane and acetone using the Soxhlet apparatus for 8 hours, (Vogel, 1978). The extracts were concentrated in an evaporator at 450C under low pressure. After complete evaporation of the solvent, the concentrated extract was collected and stored in a refrigerator for further experiments. This stock is 1 gm of residue dissolved in 100 ml of respective solvent and stored as a stock solution. This stock solution was used to prepare the desired exposure concentrations of the extracts of mosquito larvae. The fourth instar larvae and pupae of both C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti were used for the treatment experiments in the present study. At each tested concentration 4 routes were created and controls were maintained (using their respective solvents) with the experiment. Control mortality is negligible in the calculation. The rate of mortality was corrected by Abbota € ™ s formula (1925). The data were subject to a probability paper analysis (Finney, 1971).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
          The current study on the plant extracts expressed in the presence of larvicidaland pupicidal activity of P. hysterophous to A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Mortality levels of larvae and pupae treated with different concentrations of hexane and acetone extracts were, ranging of 20-100ppm, 30-150ppm in Aedes and 10-50ppm, 60-100ppm in Culex leaf extract of P. hysterophous. Based on the probit analysis of the 24 hours LC50 of the leaf extract of P. hysterophous for third instar larvae and pupae of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus against hexane extracts were 47.69, 52.15, 25.48, 29.05ppm and LC90 values were 81.79, 86.93, 45.14, 50.11ppm respectively. In the acetone extract LC50 values of the two species (third instar larvae and pupae) are 72.34, 78.54, 70.01, 74.33ppm and LC90 values were 140.54, 150.55, 93.97 and 101.58ppm respectively. In this experiment C. Quinquefasciatus was more sensitive than A. aegypti. Among the hexane and acetone and pop the highest larval mortality found in hexane extracts in both species. A. aegypti is often used in paths insecticide screening because it is usually less sensitive and easy to colonize in the laboratory (Shaalan et al., 2005).
        The result of the present study were similar to those of previous studies. Pizzaro et al (1999), the activities of the saponin fraction of Agave sisalana and estimates the LC50 and LC90 values against 3rd instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus, respectively 183 and 408ppm. Raj Mohan and Ramasamy (2007) were reported LC50 Aegeratina Adenophora against A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus were respectively 256.70 and 227.20ppm. These concentrations were higher than P. hysterophous, but the authors suggested its use for mosquito control. In the present study the larvae were slain after exposure to lethal doses sub showed bulging of anal papillae compared with control. This structural distortion of the papillae probably led to the death larvae. Similar observations were also noted in A.aegypti treated with Aegle marmelos (Samarasekera et al., 2004). Similar dose effects of Lantana camera depantant extracts on third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus showed activity laevicidal and cause maximum mortality at 3.0mg/ml concentration (Sathish Kumar and Maneemegalai, 2008).     Â
        In the present study P. hysterophourus leaf extract resulted in a high mortality may be due the many actions of a connection or synergestic effects parthenin. (Narasimhan and Keshava Murthy, 1984) and the combined effect of other phenolic acids such caffeic acid, vanillin acid acid, ansic acid, p-ansic acid, chlorogenic acid and benzoic parahydroxy (Oudhia 1998) possess larvicidal and pupicidal property of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. Plant Extracts have offered many useful applications in applications ranging from medicine to insecticides. In Homeopathy system, caused by allergies can be treated Parthenium with a drug prepared from Parthenium in Finland and one infusion of Parthenium is used for consumption. In the dictionary of economic plants in India P. hysterophourus described as a weed in Pune and is reported to be used as tonic, febrifuge and emmenagogue. Parthenium is also reported as a promising cure for liver diseases Amoebiasis (Sharma & Bhutani, 1988) and is used as a folk remedy in the Caribbean and Central America (Mabie et al, 1996). In Jamaica decoction is used as a flea repellent, both dogs and other animals (Morton, 1981). Mew et al (1982) showed that sublethal doses of Parthenin exhibited antitumor activity in mice and that the drug may either cure mice completely or increase their survival time after being injected with cancer cells. Parthenin, a toxin from Parthenium is found pharmacologically active against neuralogia and certain forms of rheumatism. Pathenin induced dose-dependent damage to human leukocytes InVitro chromosomes and micronuclei formation in polychromatic erythrocytes of mice was reported (Dominguez and Sierra, 1970). The findings of the present study showed that the leaf extract of P. hysterophous possess remarkable larvicidal pupicidal and property from A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus. P. hysterophous noxious weeds and is a resource is scarce. The botanical insecticides are generally safer, readily biodegradable non-toxic, but active against insect pests and the lack of toxicity in higher animals and they leave no toxic residues in the plant environment and effective against harmful insects. So the remark in the current study came as another sign of the influence of the plant derived botanical pesticides such as P. hysterophous in the control of the mosquito.
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REFERENCE Abbott, WAS 1925. A method for calculating the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology. 18: 265-267. Bounias, M. 2003. Etiological factors and the mechanism involved in the relationship between pesticide exposure and cancer. Journal of Environmental Biology. 24 (1): 1-8. Dominguez, XA and A. Sierra. 1970. Isolation of a new diterpene alcohol and parthenin from Parthenium hysterophorus. Planta Medica 18:275-277. Essam Abdel-Salam Shaalan, Deon Canyon, faried Wagdy Mohammed Younes, Hoda Abdel-Wahab and Abdel-Hamid Mansour. 2005. An overview of botanical phytochemical with mosquitocidal potential. Environment International. 31: 1149-1166. Finney, DJ 1971. Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, London. Pp. 68-72. Halstead, SB 2000.Global Dengue research perspective. Dengue Bulletin.24: 77-82. Mew, D., F. Balza, GHN Towers, and IG Levy. 1982. Antitumor effects of the Sesquiterpene lactone parthenin. Planta Medica, 45: 23-27. Morton, JF 1981. The enigmatic whitetop. Parthenium hysterophorus: Noxious weed, danger to health, folk remedy, flea repellent. Unpublished report, Univ. Miami, Florida. Mulla.MS 1994. Mosquito control then, new and in the future. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 10 (4): 574-84. Narasimhan. And TR Keshava Murthy, BS 1984. Characterization of a toxin from Parthenium hysterophorus and its mode of excretion in animals. Journal of Bioscience. 6:729-738. Navie, SC, RE Mcfadyen, FD Panetta and SW Adkins. 1996. The Biology of Australian Weeds 27. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Plant Protection Quarterly .11 (2): 76-88. Oudhia, P. 1998. Parthenium: A curse for the biodiversity of Chhattisgarh Plains. Abstract. National Research Seminar on bio-chemical changes. An environmental impact, RD Govt. PG College, Mandlaa (MP) p. 30-31 juli 26. Pizzaro, APB, Oliveira-Filho.AM, Parente.JP Melo.MTV, Santose.CM and Lima. PR 1999. O aproveitamenoto do residuo sisal da Indústria do not control the larvas of mosquitoes. Rev.Soc.Bras.Med.Trop.32, 23-29. Rajmohan, D. and Ramaswamy, M., 2007. Evaluation of larvicidal activity of leaf extract of a weed plant, Ageratina Adenophora, against two main types of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. African And Journal of Biotechnology 6 (5): 631 â € "638. Samaraskera.JK, Khambay. Hemalal and BP. KP 2004. Protolimonoid a new insecticide from Aegle marmelos. Natural Product research. 18 (2): 117-122. Sathish Kumar, M and Maneemegalai, S. 2008. Evaluation of larvicidal effects of Lantana camera Linn against mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Advances in biological research. 2 (3-4): 39-43. Sharma, GL and Bhutani KK. 1988. Vegetable base antiamoebic drugs. Part II. Amoebicidal activity parthenin isolated from Parthenium hysterophorus. Planta Medica. 54:20-22. Vogel, AI 1978. In: Handbook of practical organic chemistry. The English Society and Longman, London. Pp. 1368. REFERENCE Abbott, WAS 1925. A method for calculating the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology. 18: 265-267. Bounias, M. 2003. Etiological factors and mechanisms involved in the relationship between exposure to Pesticides and cancer. Journal of Environmental Biology. 24 (1): 1-8. Dominguez, XA and A. Sierra. 1970. Isolation of a new diterpene alcohol and parthenin from Parthenium hysterophorus. Planta Medica 18:275-277. Essam Abdel-Salam Shaalan, Deon Canyon, faried Wagdy Mohammed Younes, Hoda Abdel-Wahab and Abdel-Hamid Mansour. 2005. An overview of botanical phytochemical with mosquitocidal potential. Environment International. 31: 1149-1166. Finney, DJ 1971. Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, London. Pp. 68-72. Halstead, SB Dengue 2000.Global perspective on research. Dengue Bulletin.24: 77-82. Mew, D., F. Balza, GHN Towers, and IG Levy. 1982. Antitumor effects of the Sesquiterpene lactone parthenin. Planta Medica, 45: 23-27. Morton, JF 1981. The enigmatic whitetop. Parthenium hysterophorus: Noxious weed, danger to health, folk remedy, flea repellent. Unpublished report, Univ. Miami, Florida. Mulla.MS 1994. Mosquito control over, new and in the future. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 10 (4): 574-84. Narasimhan. And TR Keshava Murthy, BS 1984. Characterization of a toxin from Parthenium hysterophorus and its mode of excretion in animals. Journal of Bioscience. 6:729-738. Navie, SC, RE Mcfadyen, FD Panetta and SW Adkins. 1996. The Biology of Australian Weeds 27. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Plant Protection Quarterly .11 (2): 76-88. Oudhia, P. 1998. Parthenium: A curse for the biodiversity of Chhattisgarh Plains. Abstract. National Research Seminar on bio-chemical changes. An Environmental Impact, RD Govt. PG College, Mandlaa (MP) p. 30-31 juli 26. Pizzaro, APB, Oliveira-Filho.AM, Parente.JP Melo.MTV, Santose.CM and Lima. PR 1999. O aproveitamenoto residuo do da Indústria do not control the sisal larvas of mosquitoes. Rev.Soc.Bras.Med.Trop.32, 23-29. Rajmohan, D. and Ramaswamy, M., 2007. Evaluation of larvicidal activity of the leaf extract of a weed plant, Ageratina Adenophora, against two main types of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. African Journal of Biotechnology and 6 (5): 631 â € "638. Samaraskera.JK, Khambay. Hemalal and BP. KP 2004. Protolimonoid a new insecticide from Aegle marmelos. Natural product research. 18 (2): 117-122. Sathish Kumar, M and Maneemegalai, S. 2008. Evaluation of larvicidal effects of Lantana camera Linn against mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Advances in biological research. 2 (3-4): 39-43. Sharma, GL and Bhutani KK. 1988. Vegetable base antiamoebic drugs. Part II. Amoebicidal activity parthenin isolated from Parthenium hysterophorus. Planta Medica. 54:20-22. Vogel, AI 1978. In: Handbook of Practical organic chemistry. The English Society and Longman, London. Pp. 1368.
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